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Enzymatic ligation technologies for the synthesis of pharmaceutical peptides and proteins
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蛋白質(zhì)是生命活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)功能元件,其化學(xué)合成與定點(diǎn)修飾已成為合成生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域探索復(fù)雜生物大分子“結(jié)構(gòu)-功能”關(guān)系的重要前沿方向。近年來(lái),以多肽固相合成與特異性拼接為核心的蛋白質(zhì)合成和修飾技術(shù)蓬勃發(fā)展,打破了生命合成系統(tǒng)僅能使用天然及少數(shù)非天然氨基酸的瓶頸,為制備含有數(shù)百個(gè)氨基酸殘基的非天然蛋白質(zhì)提供了技術(shù)平臺(tái),讓原子水平的蛋白質(zhì)人工設(shè)計(jì)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。作為一類廣受關(guān)注的多肽拼接策略,基于天然或人工改造多肽連接酶的技術(shù)方法不僅在基礎(chǔ)研究領(lǐng)域拓展了人們對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)這一生命核心元件的理解,還在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域嶄露頭角,被應(yīng)用于多種多肽類藥物的生產(chǎn)。針對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)合成領(lǐng)域中酶促多肽拼接技術(shù)平臺(tái),本文介紹了Sortase A轉(zhuǎn)肽酶、Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶以及Subtilisin人工連接酶的來(lái)源以及催化過(guò)程,探討了各自的優(yōu)勢(shì)以及局限性,并綜述了三種酶在蛋白質(zhì)修飾、蛋白質(zhì)合成、多肽藥物環(huán)化等方面的應(yīng)用。通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、定向進(jìn)化等技術(shù)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)肽酶、連接酶進(jìn)行改造來(lái)提升其在底物譜、催化活性等方面的特性,將化學(xué)方法與酶促方法聯(lián)用來(lái)建立多樣的生物大分子從頭設(shè)計(jì)與合成路線是目前的主要發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
關(guān)鍵詞:
As a hot-spot of synthetic biology, chemical protein synthesis and modification have been widely applied to generate and functionalize naturally inaccessible proteins to meet scientific or pharmaceutical demands. Breaking away from the restrictions on the amino acids utilized in ribosomal protein synthesis, protein synthesis, and modification through the ligation of synthetic peptides have provided a platform for preparing the unnatural proteins that contain hundreds of residues, which realizes the artificial design of protein on the atomic scale. Although several chemical ligation methods have been reported, they are confronted with the defects like limited junction choices and complicated substrate preparations, impelling the scientists to find out alternative solutions and develop enzymatic strategies fit for different applications. As a group of popular peptide ligation methods, enzymatic ligation strategies not only expand our understanding of protein, but also exhibit great advantages in the industrial production of pharmaceutical peptides.Sortase A (SrtA) has been extensively utilized for protein terminal modification. The researchers from various fields have attempted to develop novel applications based on SrtA, for instance, characterizing the surface proteins of eukaryotic cells and expanding the choices of phage capsid proteins. Butelase 1 from a cyclopeptide-producing plant (Clitoria ternatea) is a highly efficient peptide ligase for peptide cyclization. Large proteins like GFP could be cyclized with excellent yield (>95%) as well, and Butelase 1 can be used for synthesizing peptide dendrimers, preparing protein thioesters, and modifying bacterial surfaces as well. Subtilisin-derived ligase is engineered from subtilisin and thought as a powerful tool for peptide cyclization, protein synthesis and terminal modification. In recent years, based on a calcium-independent subtilisin variant, a thermostable and organic solvent-tolerant peptide ligase was constructed and termed Peptiligase, which was further engineered afterward. Omniligase-1 is a universal ligase bearing broad sequence compatibility, while Thymoligase is specially designed for the production of the pharmaceutic peptide Thymosin-α1. These Peptiligase variants exhibit great advantages for industrial applications and have been considered as the most impressive enzymatic approach to date. The development of the existing enzymatic methods is anticipated to be ameliorated through enzyme engineering, to which rational design and directed evolution have contributed a lot. At the moment of computational protein design communicating with chemical protein synthesis, we anticipate that more peptide ligases would be discovered or designed. They may serve for generations of previously hard-to-access modified proteins.
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本文引用格式
楊新宇, 朱彤, 李瑞峰, 吳邊.
YANG Xinyu, ZHU Tong, LI Ruifeng, WU Bian.
自20世紀(jì)20年代人類發(fā)現(xiàn)胰島素以來(lái),蛋白多肽類藥物在體液調(diào)節(jié)、抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒及抗腫瘤等臨床應(yīng)用方面的重要性愈加顯著[1-3]。截至2017年,全世界已有60多種多肽類藥物獲批上市,并以平均每年1種的速度持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)[4-5]。雖然以重組表達(dá)為代表的現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)能夠高效生產(chǎn)重組蛋白且可摻入個(gè)別非天然氨基酸,但難以合成含有多種非天然氨基酸的人工設(shè)計(jì)多肽與蛋白質(zhì)[6-7]。目前多肽固相合成法仍是便捷獲取非天然多肽的主要途徑,然而該方法能夠合成的多肽長(zhǎng)度一般限于30~50個(gè)氨基酸殘基,研究人員需要將多個(gè)多肽片段順次拼接從而獲得完整目標(biāo)蛋白[8-9]。除此之外,許多待研究的多肽或蛋白質(zhì)分子需要在特定位點(diǎn)連接寡糖鏈、脂類分子、核酸、熒光分子或另一個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)分子等多樣的功能基團(tuán)。為了降低這些蛋白質(zhì)的合成難度與成本,研究者采取了半合成策略,即利用化學(xué)方法合成一段帶有功能基團(tuán)的短肽,再將該片段與重組表達(dá)的蛋白質(zhì)連為一體[10-11]。兩段合成多肽的拼接以及蛋白質(zhì)半合成均極具挑戰(zhàn),其難點(diǎn)在于需要保證酰胺縮合反應(yīng)的區(qū)域選擇性,同時(shí)必須抑制末端氨基酸殘基的外消旋化副反應(yīng)[12]。因此,探索具有嚴(yán)格區(qū)域選擇性且盡可能避免外消旋的多肽拼接方法成為了蛋白質(zhì)化學(xué)合成與修飾領(lǐng)域近年來(lái)的研究焦點(diǎn)。
現(xiàn)有的多肽拼接方法分為化學(xué)法與酶促法兩大類?;瘜W(xué)法包括自然化學(xué)連接(native chemical ligation,NCL)[13]、無(wú)痕施陶丁格連接(traceless Staudinger ligation)[14]、酮酸-羥胺連接(ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligation,KAHA)[15]、絲氨酸/蘇氨酸連接(serine/threonine ligation,STL)[16]以及二硒醚-硒酯連接(diselenide-selenoester ligation,DSL)[17]等(圖1)。這些化學(xué)方法均采取了相似的策略,即兩條多肽片段的末端化學(xué)基團(tuán)發(fā)生選擇性反應(yīng)形成共價(jià)鍵,之后通過(guò)分子內(nèi)重排形成肽鍵[12]。由Kent團(tuán)隊(duì)提出的NCL是目前應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種方法,該方法的原理為將一條多肽的C端活化為硫酯形式,而另一條多肽的N端第一個(gè)殘基固定為Cys,二者經(jīng)過(guò)硫醇-硫酯交換與分子內(nèi)重排兩步反應(yīng)形成肽鍵[18]。多肽硫酯可通過(guò)Boc固相合成法(保護(hù)基為叔丁氧羰基)直接合成,也可通過(guò)Fmoc固相合成法(保護(hù)基為9-芴甲氧羰基)制備多肽酰肼,再經(jīng)過(guò)一步反應(yīng)生成疊氮[19]或吡唑[20]中間產(chǎn)物,加入硫醇得到對(duì)應(yīng)的多肽硫酯。若待連接片段為重組蛋白,則需要通過(guò)分子生物學(xué)方法在蛋白N端添加Cys殘基,或是將蛋白質(zhì)C端活化為硫酯形式。目前最常用的EPL策略需在蛋白質(zhì)C端融合表達(dá)內(nèi)含肽(Intein),之后在反應(yīng)體系中加入苯硫酚以進(jìn)攻內(nèi)含肽與目標(biāo)蛋白的結(jié)合處,從而形成硫酯[21]。NCL方法的主要缺陷在于Cys是天然蛋白質(zhì)中豐度最低的氨基酸種類之一,這嚴(yán)重限制了拼接位點(diǎn)的選擇范圍,盡管連接后可通過(guò)脫硫處理將Cys變?yōu)锳la,但如果存在其他非連接位點(diǎn)的Cys殘基,又需要增加保護(hù)與脫保護(hù)操作,這些步驟都會(huì)降低最終產(chǎn)物的收率[22]。此外EPL策略最初使用的內(nèi)含肽長(zhǎng)約140個(gè)氨基酸殘基,雖然后續(xù)研究縮短了融合表達(dá)內(nèi)含肽片段的長(zhǎng)度[23],仍可能對(duì)重組蛋白的表達(dá)產(chǎn)生較大影響。
圖1
與化學(xué)法的原理不同,酶促法反應(yīng)的區(qū)域選擇性與立體選擇性來(lái)源于酶活性中心的空間位阻以及基團(tuán)間的非共價(jià)作用,滿足多肽拼接在區(qū)域選擇性及抑制外消旋方面的基本要求。目前研究較深的酶促多肽拼接策略主要有三種,分別使用Sortase A轉(zhuǎn)肽酶、Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶以及Subtilisin人工連接酶,這些方法在拼接位點(diǎn)限制、蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)難度、酶活性等方面凸顯出不同的優(yōu)勢(shì),但在各個(gè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域又分別有各自的限制,下文將系統(tǒng)闡述與比較。
1 多肽連接酶性質(zhì)及其應(yīng)用
1.1 Sortase A轉(zhuǎn)肽酶
SortaseA(SrtA)是源自革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌的一種轉(zhuǎn)肽酶,其中來(lái)源于金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶應(yīng)用最為廣泛,該酶識(shí)別蛋白的LPXTG序列(X為任意氨基酸殘基),切斷蘇氨酸和甘氨酸殘基之間的肽鍵并形成酶-底物中間體,隨后位于肽聚糖的寡聚甘氨酸肽橋進(jìn)攻中間體,與目標(biāo)蛋白C端之間形成新的肽鍵從而實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)蛋白在細(xì)胞壁表面的錨定[24]。此外還存在識(shí)別LPXTA序列的SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶,這種來(lái)自化膿性鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)的轉(zhuǎn)肽酶常出現(xiàn)在與金黃色葡萄球菌來(lái)源的SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶聯(lián)合使用的場(chǎng)合,兩種酶對(duì)拼接位點(diǎn)的序列識(shí)別具有正交性[25]。SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶可通過(guò)重組表達(dá)來(lái)大量制備,現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)商品化,這讓不同領(lǐng)域的研究者均能嘗試以此為基礎(chǔ)開(kāi)發(fā)新型生物技術(shù)[26]。與內(nèi)含肽介導(dǎo)的EPL策略相比,使用SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶催化蛋白質(zhì)拼接時(shí),僅需在目標(biāo)蛋白末端融合表達(dá)長(zhǎng)度僅有幾個(gè)氨基酸殘基的標(biāo)簽序列,雖然最終會(huì)留下一段“疤痕序列”[圖2(a)],但與融合表達(dá)內(nèi)含肽的策略相比,已大幅降低了蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)與折疊可能受到的影響,并且底物末端無(wú)需活化,獲取底物的難度與成本較低。
圖2
2004年,Mao[27]等首次利用SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶進(jìn)行蛋白修飾,在綠色熒光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的C端融合表達(dá)LPETG(H)6標(biāo)簽,再通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)肽反應(yīng)將葉酸等小分子化合物或另一個(gè)GFP分子連接至目標(biāo)蛋白C端[圖2(b)],此后SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶蛋白拼接技術(shù)很快被應(yīng)用于多個(gè)生物學(xué)研究方向。細(xì)胞表面蛋白參與了細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、分化、識(shí)別等眾多生物學(xué)過(guò)程,一直作為重要的藥物靶點(diǎn)受到廣泛關(guān)注,Tanaka等[28]將LPETGG序列添加至重組破骨細(xì)胞分化因子C端并運(yùn)用SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶方法進(jìn)行修飾[圖2(c)],為細(xì)胞表面蛋白的時(shí)空動(dòng)力學(xué)表征提供了新的研究思路,同樣的方法亦可用于細(xì)胞表面蛋白的N端修飾[29]。噬菌體表面展示技術(shù)是當(dāng)下建立抗原抗體庫(kù)、篩選藥物等研究的常用手段,Hess等[30]提出了組合應(yīng)用衣殼蛋白的策略,通過(guò)在M13噬菌體衣殼蛋白pIII與pVIII的N末端分別添加寡聚Gly和寡聚Ala(G5-pIII-A2-pVIII),先利用化膿性鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)來(lái)源的SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶[Sortase A(strep)]將四甲基羅丹明(tetramethylrhodamine,TAMRA)修飾的七肽(KLPETAA)選擇性連接至pVIII,再利用金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)來(lái)源的SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶[Sortase A(staph)]將帶有五肽標(biāo)簽(LPETG)的駱駝科重鏈抗體7(camelid heavy-chain antibody 7,VHH7)選擇性連接至pIII,拓寬了噬菌體表面展示技術(shù)的功能范圍[圖2(d)]。與蛋白修飾相比,SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶在環(huán)肽合成方面的成果較少,主要原因是連接后留下的“疤痕”較長(zhǎng),另外待環(huán)化多肽的長(zhǎng)度一般需要超過(guò)19個(gè)氨基酸殘基,否則將傾向于肽段寡聚[31]。目前SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶方法合成環(huán)蛋白的代表案例包括人唾液肽組蛋白Hst1[圖2(e)][32]、重組胱氨酸結(jié)環(huán)肽rMCoTI-II[33]以及向日葵胰蛋白酶抑制劑SFTI-1[34]等,環(huán)化后蛋白的熱穩(wěn)定性以及抗蛋白酶水解能力均有不同程度的提升。
SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶的主要不足之處在于其催化的連接反應(yīng)是可逆的,因而需要較高的多肽底物濃度以保證連接效率,此外酶的催化速率偏慢,酶用量一般為蛋白底物物質(zhì)的量的0.1~1倍[10,35-36]。當(dāng)下研究者的一種優(yōu)化思路是將SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶與其他化學(xué)或酶學(xué)方法結(jié)合以取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短,例如Muir團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了基于內(nèi)含肽自剪切技術(shù)與SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶轉(zhuǎn)肽反應(yīng)的TAIL策略,該策略可用于細(xì)胞核等復(fù)雜生物環(huán)境下的蛋白質(zhì)末端不可逆連接,“疤痕”序列僅含一個(gè)Cys殘基[37]。清華大學(xué)劉磊團(tuán)隊(duì)[38]則用肼或肼衍生物替代寡聚甘氨酸底物進(jìn)攻SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶-底物中間體,產(chǎn)物變?yōu)椴辉俦籗rtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶識(shí)別的蛋白質(zhì)酰肼,由此可制備NCL方法所需的蛋白質(zhì)硫酯,或是在蛋白質(zhì)末端引入炔基、疊氮等功能基團(tuán),通過(guò)點(diǎn)擊化學(xué)反應(yīng)(click reaction)完成二次修飾。SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶的技術(shù)擴(kuò)展案例為蛋白質(zhì)合成與修飾領(lǐng)域指出了一個(gè)潛在的發(fā)展方向,即搭配使用現(xiàn)有的化學(xué)與酶促方法,建立充分發(fā)揮多種方法優(yōu)勢(shì)的多肽連接策略。
1.2 Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶
Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶是熱帶藥用植物蝶豆(Clitoria ternatea)合成環(huán)肽的過(guò)程中催化多肽環(huán)化的連接酶,識(shí)別多肽C端的N/D-HV序列并切斷N/D的C端肽鍵形成酶-底物中間體,之后底物N端進(jìn)攻中間體從而完成多肽的環(huán)化[39-40]。Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶的連接位點(diǎn)最終僅留下一個(gè)氨基酸殘基(Asn或Asp)的“疤痕”[圖3(a)],底物N端的序列限制也比SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶低得多,因此Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶在環(huán)肽合成方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[40-41]。Tam團(tuán)隊(duì)[42]利用Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶合成了多種環(huán)蛋白,例如環(huán)狀細(xì)菌素AS-48[圖3(b)]、Uberolysin和Garvicin ML,其中AS-48對(duì)包括李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)在內(nèi)的多種致病細(xì)菌具有優(yōu)秀的抑制效果,其最小抑菌濃度低至0.1 μmol/L數(shù)量級(jí),為開(kāi)發(fā)針對(duì)“超級(jí)細(xì)菌”的特效藥物指明了新方向??杀籅utelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶環(huán)化的多肽長(zhǎng)短不一,大到含有約250個(gè)氨基酸殘基的GFP(環(huán)化速率約為SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶的20 000倍),小到九肽,更短的多肽片段則一般會(huì)先寡聚后成環(huán)[43]。
圖3
實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶催化的多肽首尾環(huán)化反應(yīng)不可逆,但兩條多肽間的拼接反應(yīng)是可逆的,釋放的HV二肽同樣可以作為親核試劑進(jìn)攻酶-底物中間體,這導(dǎo)致Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶和SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶類似,需要較高的底物濃度來(lái)保證多肽拼接效率[44]。為了解決這一問(wèn)題,Tam團(tuán)隊(duì)[44]合成了C端序列為N-(thioglycolic)-V的多肽底物,此序列依舊能被Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶識(shí)別,但釋放的硫代二肽無(wú)法進(jìn)攻酶-底物中間體,改進(jìn)后的方法用于泛素N端修飾時(shí)取得了高達(dá)95%的連接率[44]。不過(guò)在對(duì)連接率要求不是特別高的情況下,普通的底物已經(jīng)能滿足大部分需求,例如在大腸桿菌表面的OmpA蛋白C端添加NHV序列,利用Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶即可將帶有甘-異亮(GI)二肽的分子探針連接至OmpA蛋白上,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)菌活體標(biāo)記[圖3(c)][45]。當(dāng)被修飾的蛋白質(zhì)分子是一個(gè)以Lys為節(jié)點(diǎn)的多肽分支骨架時(shí),就可以在這個(gè)“樹(shù)干”上連接“枝葉”,將八條具有抗菌作用的四肽(RLYR)連接至這種骨架上[圖3(d)],形成的樹(shù)狀多肽大分子的廣譜抑菌活性相比單體有大幅提升,最小抑菌濃度降低了2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)[46]。此外Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶亦可用于蛋白硫酯的制備,目標(biāo)蛋白C端僅需額外表達(dá)NHV三個(gè)氨基酸殘基,再通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)肽反應(yīng)連接多肽硫酯,無(wú)需內(nèi)含肽的參與[圖3(e)][47]。
Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶的活性比SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶高出2~3個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),用酶量低至底物物質(zhì)的量的百分之一,然而B(niǎo)utelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶一直是從植物材料中提取,目前仍無(wú)法重組表達(dá)[10,48-49]。Tam團(tuán)隊(duì)后續(xù)又發(fā)現(xiàn)了催化過(guò)程基本一致的OaAEP1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶,該酶可在大腸桿菌中重組表達(dá),但產(chǎn)量依舊較低(約2 mg/L),且kcat/Km值比Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶低2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),經(jīng)過(guò)酶工程改造后也僅能達(dá)到后者的三分之一[50]。獲取困難成為了當(dāng)下Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶以及同家族連接酶推廣過(guò)程的最大障礙,繼續(xù)挖掘同家族的新酶是現(xiàn)階段的一個(gè)重要研究方向。
1.3 Subtilisin人工連接酶
Subtilisin是來(lái)自解淀粉芽孢桿菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的絲氨酸蛋白酶,具有六個(gè)廣譜的氨基酸殘基識(shí)別口袋,最初作為一種具有廣泛切割位點(diǎn)的蛋白水解酶而受到關(guān)注。早在20世紀(jì)60年代,Bender團(tuán)隊(duì)[51]即使用化學(xué)方法將Subtilisin的關(guān)鍵活性基團(tuán)從Ser轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃ys(S221C),得到的人工連接酶Thiolsubtilisin在50% DMF溶液中展現(xiàn)出了多肽連接酶的活性,但在水溶液中效率極為低下[52]。隨著定點(diǎn)突變技術(shù)的發(fā)展,Wells團(tuán)隊(duì)[53]獲得了重組表達(dá)的多肽連接酶Subtiligase,在S221C之外還引入了P225A突變來(lái)降低活性中心的空間位阻,將該酶的連接活性提高了1個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)且水解活性降低了2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),從此奠定了Subtilisin人工連接酶的基本形態(tài)。之后Wells團(tuán)隊(duì)[54]開(kāi)展了一系列酶工程研究,先是額外引入5個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)(M50F/N76D/N109S/K213R/N218S)以提高連接酶的穩(wěn)定性,使得連接酶在4 mol/L鹽酸胍的環(huán)境中依舊能保留50%的活性;后續(xù)又在噬菌體表面展示技術(shù)[55]以及蛋白質(zhì)組技術(shù)[56]的輔助下,改造得到一系列具有不同序列識(shí)別偏好的Subtiligase突變體,從而擴(kuò)展P1'與P2'口袋的底物譜。
相比SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶和Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶,Subtilisin人工連接酶對(duì)連接位點(diǎn)的序列限制更少,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)“疤痕”序列[圖4(a)],因此具有更廣闊的應(yīng)用范圍。早在1994年,Wells團(tuán)隊(duì)[57]便利用Subtiligase將6個(gè)多肽片段(每段長(zhǎng)度在11~31個(gè)殘基)拼接為含有124個(gè)氨基酸殘基的核糖核酸酶A,?;w多肽N端被異煙堿(isonicotinyl,iNOC)基團(tuán)保護(hù)以防止重復(fù)拼接,每輪連接反應(yīng)后去除保護(hù)基來(lái)進(jìn)行下一輪的連接[圖4(b)],這比NCL方法更早地實(shí)現(xiàn)了將多個(gè)多肽片段拼接為完整蛋白質(zhì)[57]。Subtiligase還被用于環(huán)化長(zhǎng)度在12~31個(gè)氨基酸殘基的多肽[圖4(c)][58],在內(nèi)含肽的輔助下可以實(shí)現(xiàn)蛋白質(zhì)C端的無(wú)痕拼接,例如Cole等[59]利用Subtiligase催化重組表達(dá)的泛素硫酯與合成的十肽-生物素(GLSGRGKGGK-Biotin)的連接,解除了酰基受體肽N端必須為半胱氨酸殘基的限制[圖4(d)]。不過(guò)Subtiligase目前最主要的應(yīng)用方向仍是蛋白質(zhì)N端修飾,Wells團(tuán)隊(duì)[60]建立了一個(gè)細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白水解酶研究平臺(tái),首先用Subtiligase將帶有生物素標(biāo)簽的多肽連接在混合蛋白樣品的N端[圖4(e)],再用待研究的蛋白水解酶處理樣品,酶切后用親和素富集帶有生物素標(biāo)簽的樣品N端片段,最后進(jìn)行HPLC-MS/MS分析[60]。生物素標(biāo)記與親和素富集的操作實(shí)現(xiàn)了酶解多肽片段的正向篩選,該平臺(tái)可以幫助研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)特定蛋白水解酶在細(xì)胞中的潛在靶標(biāo)蛋白與切割位點(diǎn)。
圖4
除Subtiligase之外,該家族的另一成員的研究也在近年獲得突破。荷蘭帝斯曼集團(tuán)與格羅寧根大學(xué)合作,篩選了來(lái)自八十余種古菌和細(xì)菌的上百種Subtilisin家族蛋白酶,確定了一個(gè)不依賴鈣離子且高度穩(wěn)定的模板蛋白,并對(duì)其活性中心進(jìn)行改造設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)制了一種新型多肽連接酶Peptiligase[4,61]。與Subtiligase相比,Peptiligase的折疊不依賴前體肽,表達(dá)量大幅提高且連接活性更高(酶用量可低至多肽底物物質(zhì)的量的萬(wàn)分之三),還具有適用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的極高穩(wěn)定性,足以耐受60 ℃的高溫、高濃度DMF與鹽酸胍。后續(xù)帝斯曼集團(tuán)將該部分業(yè)務(wù)獨(dú)立,組建了全世界第一家應(yīng)用生物法合成多肽與蛋白質(zhì)的商業(yè)公司——Enzypep公司。通過(guò)對(duì)Peptiligase的深入研究與改造,Enzypep公司推出了新一代廣譜連接酶Omniligase-1,為低序列限制的通用多肽拼接策略提供了優(yōu)秀的工具酶[62]。在多肽藥物Exenatide百克級(jí)合成過(guò)程中[圖4(f)],Omniligase-1催化下的兩段多肽拼接效率達(dá)到88%,總產(chǎn)率是原先固相合成法單次合成完整多肽的兩倍,展現(xiàn)了該酶極為突出的工業(yè)應(yīng)用價(jià)值[63]。Omniligase-1亦可與二硫鍵構(gòu)筑[64]、點(diǎn)擊化學(xué)[65]、肟連接(oxime ligation)[66]等方法聯(lián)用以合成具有多環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的環(huán)肽。不只是廣譜連接酶,Enzypep公司還推出了針對(duì)特定藥物多肽序列的連接酶,例如專門用于生產(chǎn)Thymosin-α1的Thymoligase,該酶在P1位特異識(shí)別帶正電氨基酸,在P1'位特異識(shí)別帶負(fù)電氨基酸,兩段多肽底物的拼接效率高達(dá)94%,最終產(chǎn)率相比原有生產(chǎn)工藝提升了兩倍[67]。Peptiligase系列連接酶在連接/水解比、反應(yīng)活性、底物序列限制等多個(gè)方面突破了工業(yè)化瓶頸,使多種藥物多肽的生產(chǎn)成本下降了60%~80%,顯著的工業(yè)應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢(shì)讓Peptiligase系統(tǒng)被視為目前酶促多肽拼接領(lǐng)域最受矚目的技術(shù)平臺(tái)[68],針對(duì)不同應(yīng)用方向來(lái)改造獲得滿足不同序列需求的突變體依舊是其未來(lái)的主要發(fā)展方向。
2 總結(jié)與展望
蛋白質(zhì)重組表達(dá)與多肽固相合成技術(shù)在摻入非天然氨基酸、蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)系統(tǒng)適用性與多肽合成長(zhǎng)度等方面都存在一定的限制,多肽連接技術(shù)可以將多個(gè)短肽連接成較長(zhǎng)的肽段,同時(shí)解決了非天然氨基酸修飾與蛋白質(zhì)合成長(zhǎng)度的問(wèn)題,而其中酶促多肽連接法由于其獨(dú)特的區(qū)域選擇性與立體選擇性在蛋白質(zhì)合成領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮著愈加重要的作用。近年來(lái)三種酶促多肽拼接策略經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化與發(fā)展,各自具有其適合的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合(表1)。SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶可通過(guò)重組表達(dá)獲得,也可以通過(guò)商業(yè)渠道購(gòu)買,在蛋白質(zhì)末端修飾方面便于使用,是目前應(yīng)用案例最多的多肽連接酶,但在連接產(chǎn)物中會(huì)保留數(shù)個(gè)氨基酸殘基的連接“疤痕”,不適合用于特定序列多肽或蛋白質(zhì)的合成。Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶活性較高,拼接位點(diǎn)的序列限制比SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶少,連接后殘留的“疤痕”較短,適合催化多肽與蛋白質(zhì)的環(huán)化。然而該酶目前還無(wú)法通過(guò)重組表達(dá)制備,研究所用的酶需要從植物中獲得,每千克的植物材料約能提取出5 mg酶,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模生產(chǎn),這成為該酶應(yīng)用的主要限制因素。Subtilisin人工連接酶則在拼接位點(diǎn)序列限制方面優(yōu)于前兩種酶,只需要底物C末端活化為氧酯或硫酯而無(wú)需具備特定的氨基酸序列,雖然該酶的6個(gè)氨基酸殘基識(shí)別口袋具有不同的氨基酸偏好性,但經(jīng)過(guò)多年的研究?jī)?yōu)化,該系列酶已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了較多廣譜突變體,并能整合具有互補(bǔ)選擇性的連接酶突變體,建立的酶工具箱用于不同領(lǐng)域,功能最為全面[61]。并且Peptiligase系列商品酶是當(dāng)下唯一能在工業(yè)級(jí)合成中使用的酶,不過(guò)這些商品酶大多價(jià)格高昂且序列保密,尚未普遍推廣。三類酶促多肽拼接策略依舊具有較大的優(yōu)化空間,研究者不僅可以聯(lián)用化學(xué)和酶促方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ),建立不同的生物合成技術(shù)路線,還可以通過(guò)酶工程改造來(lái)提升連接酶的性能,過(guò)去三十年在這一方向已出現(xiàn)大量的理性設(shè)計(jì)與定向進(jìn)化成果。而隨著運(yùn)算能力大幅提升以及先進(jìn)算法不斷涌現(xiàn),近年來(lái)蛋白質(zhì)計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)得到了極大的發(fā)展,蛋白質(zhì)從頭設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)代已經(jīng)到來(lái)[69]。在蛋白質(zhì)人工合成與蛋白質(zhì)計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)這兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域相逢之際,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助手段既可以指導(dǎo)新型連接酶的設(shè)計(jì)與改造,提升連接/水解比,又能夠幫助設(shè)計(jì)具有特殊修飾的非天然蛋白質(zhì)[70],為酶促多肽拼接策略開(kāi)拓嶄新的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景。無(wú)論是化學(xué)方法與酶促策略的結(jié)合,還是人工合成與計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)的相遇,均是不同領(lǐng)域的碰撞而閃現(xiàn)出的火花,深刻體現(xiàn)了學(xué)科交叉的意義與價(jià)值。相信在越來(lái)越多潛在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究人員參與后,未來(lái)酶促多肽拼接策略的技術(shù)方法能再上一層臺(tái)階,應(yīng)用于更多的多肽環(huán)化、蛋白質(zhì)修飾乃至蛋白質(zhì)全合成研究項(xiàng)目。
表1 三類酶促連接策略以及NCL方法的比較
Tab. 1
項(xiàng)目 | SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶 | Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶 | Subtilisin人工連接酶 | NCL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
最初來(lái)源物種 | 金黃色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus |
蝶豆 Clitoria ternatea |
解淀粉芽孢桿菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens |
—— | |
酶的獲取與產(chǎn)量[26] |
SrtA轉(zhuǎn)肽酶可通過(guò)商業(yè)渠道獲得或大腸桿菌重組表達(dá)
>40 mg/L |
Butelase 1轉(zhuǎn)肽酶通過(guò)植物材料提取
約5 mg/kg |
Omniligase-1可通過(guò)商業(yè)渠道獲得或枯草芽孢桿菌重組表達(dá)
>500 mg/L |
—— | |
底物活化 | 底物無(wú)需活化 | 底物無(wú)需活化 |
多肽C端活化為 氧酯或硫酯 |
多肽C端活化為 硫酯 |
|
連接 位點(diǎn) 序列 |
C端 | LPXT-G | N/D-HV | X4X3X2X1—,X2外均避免Pro,X4偏好疏水&芳香族氨基酸 | 無(wú)限制 |
N端 | (G)n |
—X1X2,其中X1避免Pro和 酸性氨基酸,X2一般為ILVC |
—X1’X2’均避免Pro | Cys | |
連接“疤痕” | LPXT(G)n | 一個(gè)Asn/Asp殘基 | 無(wú)痕(X4X3X2X1 X1’X2’) | 一個(gè)Cys殘基 | |
應(yīng)用 范圍 |
多肽首 尾環(huán)化 |
短肽(大于19個(gè)氨基酸殘基)和蛋白質(zhì)皆可環(huán)化 | 短肽(大于9個(gè)氨基酸殘基)和蛋白質(zhì)皆可環(huán)化 | 環(huán)化多肽一般不超過(guò)40個(gè)殘基 | 環(huán)化多肽一般不超過(guò)40個(gè)殘基 |
蛋白末 端修飾 |
蛋白質(zhì)N端與C端皆可 | 蛋白質(zhì)N端與C端皆可 | 大多用于蛋白質(zhì)N端修飾鮮有C端修飾 | 蛋白質(zhì)N端與C端皆可 | |
蛋白質(zhì) 全合成 |
尚無(wú)應(yīng)用報(bào)道 | 尚無(wú)應(yīng)用報(bào)道 | 可以應(yīng)用 | 廣泛應(yīng)用 |
《合成生物學(xué)》|從藥物多肽到蛋白質(zhì)全合成:酶促拼接的方法原理與前沿應(yīng)用
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